Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis

Hypothesis testing involves the careful construction of two statements: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses can look very similar but are actually different. How do we know which hypothesis is the null and which one is the alternative? We will see that there are a few ways to tell the difference. The Null Hypothesis The null hypothesis reflects that there will be no observed effect in our experiment. In a mathematical formulation of the null hypothesis, there will typically be an equal sign. This hypothesis is denoted by H0. The null hypothesis is what we attempt to find evidence against in our hypothesis test. We hope to obtain a small enough p-value that it is lower than our level of significance alpha and we are justified in rejecting the null hypothesis. If our p-value is greater than alpha, then we fail to reject the null hypothesis. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, then we must be careful to say what this means. The thinking on this is similar to a legal verdict. Just because a person has been declared not guilty, it does not mean that he is innocent. In the same way, just because we failed to reject a null hypothesis it does not mean that the statement is true. For example, we may want to investigate the claim that despite what convention has told us, the mean adult body temperature is not the accepted value of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. The null hypothesis for an experiment to investigate this is â€Å"The mean adult body temperature for healthy individuals is 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.† If we fail to reject the null hypothesis, then our working hypothesis remains that the average adult who is healthy has a temperature of 98.6 degrees. We do not prove that this is true. If we are studying a new treatment, the null hypothesis is that our treatment will not change our subjects in any meaningful way. In other words, the treatment will not produce any effect in our subjects. The Alternative Hypothesis The alternative or experimental hypothesis reflects that there will be an observed effect for our experiment. In a mathematical formulation of the alternative hypothesis, there will typically be an inequality, or not equal to symbol. This hypothesis is denoted by either Ha or by H1. The alternative hypothesis is what we are attempting to demonstrate in an indirect way by the use of our hypothesis test. If the null hypothesis is rejected, then we accept the alternative hypothesis. If the null hypothesis is not rejected, then we do not accept the alternative hypothesis. Going back to the above example of mean human body temperature, the alternative hypothesis is â€Å"The average adult human body temperature is not 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.† If we are studying a new treatment, then the alternative hypothesis is that our treatment does, in fact, change our subjects in a meaningful and measurable way. Negation The following set of negations may help when you are forming your null and alternative hypotheses. Most technical papers rely on just the first formulation, even though you may see some of the others in a statistics textbook. Null hypothesis: â€Å"x is equal to y.† Alternative hypothesis â€Å"x is not equal to y.†Null hypothesis: â€Å"x is at least y.† Alternative hypothesis â€Å"x is less than y.†Null hypothesis: â€Å"x is at most y.† Alternative hypothesis â€Å"x is greater than y.†

Adhd An Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

ADHD is an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A common medication that is given to help ADHD is Adderall. Adderall is a stimulating drug that contains amphetamine and dextroamphetamine (Shinn, Robyn). I believe that young children are often misdiagnosed with ADHD and they should not be given Adderall, or any other stimulant medication to help with ADHD; there are many other things to help treat a child with ADHD. Adderall is a common medication given to children and adults to help with the symptoms of ADHD. The FDA approved Adderall in 1960. Prescribed ADHD medications to children increased 45 percent from 2002 to 2010 (Lliades, Chris). Also only about seven percent of kids and teens have ADHD and three and a half million kids in†¦show more content†¦Secondly, another concern with taking Adderall is children developing psychotic symptoms like hallucinations, delusions, and delay the growth and development in children (Lliades, Chris). Katherine Kidwell stated in the article, Stimulant Medications may Harm Sleep for Kids with ADHD, that â€Å"In addition to making ADHD symptoms worse, poor sleep leads to a host of other physical, cognitive, and emotional problems.† When children begin to develop â€Å"symptoms† of ADHD, parents begin to become frustrated and lose patients, so they think they need to go to the doctors and have their own child put on medication. It is very common that children are misdiagnosed with ADHD. Eighty-two percent of teachers and sixty-eight percent of undergraduates agreed that ADHD is over diagnosed. â€Å"According to many critics, such over diagnosis raises the specter of medicalizing largely normal behavior and relying to heavily on pills rather than skills, such as teaching children better ways of coping with stress† (Lilenfeld). That is not necessarily the case, in young children, it is common for them to have a short attention span, hyperactivity, or make decisions with out thinking of the consequences (Shinn, Robyn.) It is very common for children to have most of the symptoms of ADHD before the age of seven (Lilenfeld). Every young child will go Adhd An Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD Stimulant Drugs What is ADHD? ADHD is an Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Any child can be sometimes inattentive, hyperactive or impulsive (www.library.iated.org). However, children with ADHD repeat these symptoms every day that have an impact at home and school. Children’s behaviors seem inappropriate for their age. These symptoms are present for at least six months at home, school, or with friends and affect a social or academic functioning. Also, these symptoms appear before the age of 12 and not associate with other mental disorder. ADHD is a medical condition which can be treated. The treatment for ADHD is a combination of medication and psychological and behavioral therapies (â€Å"Understanding ADHD. n.d.).†¦show more content†¦Scientists who published a new study concluded that about 1.6 million teenagers and young adults had misused these stimulants during a 12-month period and that 75,000 showed signs of addiction (Vedantam, S. 2006, Feb 25). Many young people use these drugs to improve their academic and professional performance. When you need to study before exams, you take some stimulants to increase alertness and attention. People become addicted to them and some have toxic effects. If you get addicted while you are a student in school or college, it can lead to greater problems, you can be excluded from educational institutions. Young adults 18 to 25 years old are more often having stimulant misuse problems than teenagers. Both men and women are equal in drug misuse, but women are at greater risk of dependence, they have a lack of control, while men are at greater risk of abuse. Some stimulants, like coffee or tea, people use every day to stay awake. Caffeine is the most widely used stimulant in the world. Coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drinks all contain caffeine. People drink drinks with caffeine to increase alertness but it does not work for a long time. They can be dangerous if not taken correctly and abuse d. Some stimulants are available only through a prescription, and others are illegal (www.study.com). The central nervous system is ‘stimulated’ by stimulants.

EMS In Olive Oil Industry for Systematic Planning-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEMS In Olive Oil Industry for Systematic Planning. Answer: Overview of EMS Environmental Management System(EMS) is defined as a process of managing an organization'senvironmentalprograms in a systematic and in planned way, which will in return provide a comprehensive outcome for the betterment of an organization. Thus the factors, which fall under the EMS are documentation, systematic planning, resources development, proper implementation of the resources and stringent maintenance of policy forenvironmentalprotection. EMS in Olive Production: (Summary Of the Two Papers) The olive oil industry is the fastest growing industry in the Australian agricultural sector. However, the operation of olivepomace and olive oil mills are directly related with the generation of densely polluted water with solid waste. Therefore, it is crucial to regulate the negative environmental impacts this particular sector and simultaneously improve its sustainability and business image. According to the Valta et al. (2015), there must remain a definitive approach in order to treat wastewater originating from the byproducts of oil production (3phase and 2 phase centrifuge) like pomace, olive leaves, damaged olives, burner ash and dust and sludge derived from the evaporation. The paper suggested by-product valorization and use of the sludge as fertilizer. According to Rinaldi et al. (2014), there must remain a energy efficient cooling process, prevention of the leakage of the coolant and use of glass bottles in packaging during the production of Extra Virgin Olive Oil. It will overall curb down the negative environmental impact of olive oil production. Reflective Overview of EMS on Olive Oil Industry Based on my knowledge gathered via reading several research papers on the EMA on Olive Oil industry, I believe, adopting an EMS may provide several tangible and intangible benefits in the Olive Oil industry. According to Valta et al. (2015), there scopes for improvement in wastewater treatment. The steps of improvement can be achieved via oil removal, neutralization, evaporation and sedimentation in open lagoons. Now these are all basic steps however, since wastewater cast an alarming threat in hampering the environments equilibrium, I believe some specific steps might also be undertaken alongside these basic steps. These specific steps include solid waste management, proper utilization of sludge produced from the evaporation ponds, valorization and proper pomace handling. Moreover, as per my believe, plastic is another disturbing element in pollution. Use of heavy weighted plastic bottles in olive oil packaging is creating a environmental mess due to the lack of proper plastic dispo sal. In order to curb this situation, I think olive oil manufacturing agencies must use lightweight glass bottles, which is bio-degradable (Rinaldi et al. 2014). Moreover, refinement of the production line up of the Extra Virgin Olive Oil is also mandatory. (Source: Rinaldi et al. 2014) However, further researches are yet to be carried out in this field in order to ascertain the economic feasibility and acceptability of the practices mentioned above. Furthermore, Australia being a principal exporter of olive oil, the adoption of an internationally acclaimed system such as ISO 14001 can be implemented as a tool to gain leniency in the overall international trade. The benefits obtained from such procedures can later be used to gain the support while implementing EMS in olive oil industry. References: Cecere, G., Corrocher, N., Gossart, C. and Ozman, M., 2014. Lock-in and path dependence: an evolutionary approach to eco-innovations.Journal of Evolutionary Economics,24(5), pp.1037-1065. Lehmann, J. and Joseph, S. eds., 2015.Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation. Routledge. Rinaldi, S., Barbanera, M. and Lascaro, E., 2014. Assessment of carbon footprint and energy performance of the extra virgin olive oil chain in Umbria, Italy.Science of The Total Environment,482, pp.71-79. Valta, K., Aggeli, E., Papadaskalopoulou, C., Panaretou, V., Sotiropoulos, A., Malamis, D., Moustakas, K. and Haralambous, K.J., 2015. Adding value to olive oil production through waste and wastewater treatment and valorisation: the case of Greece.Waste and Biomass Valorization,6(5), pp.913-925.