Great Expectations Females Influence on Pip Essay

Great Expectations: Females Influence on Pip In the opening of the novel, Pip is a naà ¯ve young boy who as been brought up in a traditional Victorian manner. He is a very innocent and kind-hearted boy who when asked brings the convict the file and food, here we also see that Pip is quite a gullible child as when threatened by the convict Abel Magwitch who says that he’ll get a fellow convict to ‘tear his heart and liver out while he sleeps’ unless he does as the convict says, and Pip being an innocent and gullible young boy believes him and acquires for him these items. When Pip meets Estella his behaviour and attitude towards his current life changes, this is due no-doubt to Estella’s continual†¦show more content†¦Pip also at times throughout the novel can be very deceptive to himself, as when he is visiting Satis house later in the novel, he makes excuses to himself as to why he does not call upon Joe or Biddy. During Pip’s stay with Herbert Pocket, he spends his money freely and encourages Herbert to do the same, despite Mr Pockets financial status whereby he cannot afford to do this, although he finds solace in the fact that he secretly arranges to help Herbert in his business career, this upon Pip looking back is the only positive thing that Pip believes has come out of his expectations, and Pip finds great disdain with this, so we see that perhaps that Pip as an innocent boy who only wants to do good, is not entirely gone and there are still traces of Pip’s personality before he became a gentleman left in him. Pip’s blind obsession with Estella continues right throughout the book, along with his belief that he and Estella are destined to be together continue until the two most major negative impacts upon his life, when the identity and arrival of his real benefactor come-aboutShow MoreRelatedFemales Influences on Pip in Great Expectations Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesFemales Influences on Pip in Great Expectations By Charles Dickens There are many influences on Pip’s life regarding his thoughts on women. This would therefore mean that Pip would take his views on women from those that were a played a major role in his life, for example: * Mrs Joe Gargery is Pip’s sister and has raised Pip because their parents have died. Mrs Joe Gargery has raised both Joe Gargery and Pip by hand as she is not happy with the wayRead MoreFeminist Criticism Of Great Expectations1190 Words   |  5 PagesCriticism of Great Expectations The correct portrayal of women in literature is highly significant as women have been marginalized throughout history. Although Charles Dickens wrote powerful and dominant female characters in his novel Great Expectations, Dickens’ portrayal of female strength is unsympathetic considering the period when he wrote this novel. During the Victorian Era, women never had dominance in situations and had less rights than men. In this case, Dickens alienated the female charactersRead More Unexpected Influences in Great Expectations1568 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens Great Expectations, the most influential characters on Pip are people who would appear to be minor female characters in the novel. One would assume since the time of Great Expectations was set the first half of the 19th Century, which was the time of the Victorian Era, that the men of the novel would have a greater influence on the women of the novel. However, Pip is impacted greatly by women throughout his life, e ven more so than men. Pips greatest female influence in life was EstellaRead MoreGreat Expectations and a Christmas Carol: a True Gentleman Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Expectations and A Christmas Carol: A True Gentleman According to Dictionary.com, a gentleman is a civilized, educated, sensitive, or well-mannered man. However, by Victorian definition, a gentleman was, perhaps most importantly, a rich man. â€Å"Charles Dickens†¦was an author of relatively humble origins who desired passionately to be recognized as a gentleman, and insisted, in consequence, upon the essential dignity of his occupation† (Victorian Web). In Great Expectations he portrays Pip, aRead MoreThe Influence of Women1225 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognized and respected women as they deserve, members of the female gender have strongly influenced the world ever since the beginning of time when Eve ate of the forbidden fruit. Today, women continue to increasingly achieve power and status. Likewise, in Charles Dickens’s Great Expectations, women play an important role in influencing the protagonist, Pip, although both positively and negatively. Through their words and actions, women cause Pip to make significant lifestyle changes, either beneficialRead MoreEssay on What Shapes Pip’s Character in Great Expectations?1682 Words   |  7 PagesWhat influences shape the character of young Pip in Great Expectations? â€Å"Great Expectations†, by Charles Dickens, is an enthralling tale of love and fortune. The story is set in the period of Dickens’ childhood, from 1810 to approximately 1830, and it is likely that memories of his own youth inspired Dickens to write the novel. The main character, Pip, is a gentle and humble boy whose character and personality undergo major transformations throughout the novel. He is influenced by many charactersRead MoreGreat Expectations: Analyzed Through A Marxist Criticism1113 Words   |  5 Pageswhich class struggle is a central element in the analysis of social change in Western societies. Marxism applies to the novel Great Expectations in many ways. Dickens uses Pip’s complex and altering relationships with Estella, Joe, and Magwitch to show the subjugation of the working-class from the privileged. Estella is raised in a prosperous household and is judgmental of Pip because he is from the working class. She insults his appearance when she says, But he is a common laboring boy. And lookRead MoreGreat Expectations: Secrets1315 Words   |  6 PagesBailey Baith Great Expectations Adv. English 11 March 9, 2013 Secrets A secret always has reasoning behind how long it is kept hidden and when it is revealed. There’s always a perfect time and place for one to share one’s secret. Uniquely books have secrets embedded within to keep the reader on edge. If used wisely by the author, a secrets purpose can affect a novel’s story line, character development, and theme. Every secret throughout Dickens’ novel Great Expectations is effectively keptRead More The Bildungsroman Genre Essay4241 Words   |  17 Pages........ 1- BILDUNGSROMAN NOVELS......................................................................................... 2- TWO BILDUNGSROMAN NOVELS............................................................................. 3.1- Great Expectations..................................................................................................... 3.2- Emma........................................................................................................................... CONCLUSIONRead MoreComparing Macbeth And Great Expectations2215 Words   |  9 PagesThere are more than enough examples from Macbeth and Great Expectations to prove that â€Å"subversion of gender roles,† a term that describes someone acting in a way that is not expected from those of their said gender, is evident in both writing pieces. There are a number of connections between the women of the play and novel; this can be seen in their stern, powerful and leader-like and always changing personalities that a number of female characters share. For instance, Miss Havisham’s burning hatred

Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal And The Daily Show

For centuries, the act of a common citizen pointing out the faults of a country has always been frowned upon. Individuals have had to mute their grievances and wait for slow and often ineffective changes to take place. However, in the eighteenth century Jonathan Swift broke societys norms through his highly disturbing and shocking satirical piece A Modest Proposal. Swift proposes to the English Protestants a cannibal solution for the Irish Catholic children who are dying of starvation and diseases on the streets each day. Swift’s far from â€Å"modest† solution paved the way for modern day satirical outlets like The Daily Show. In a time where news commentators are reporting their own beliefs rather than unbiased news, The Daily Show has†¦show more content†¦He explains to them that if one news channel makes a mistake then it hurts everyone collectively similarly to how Mexican immigrants as a whole are being blamed for the mistakes of few people. Both Swift an d The Daily Show through their pieces are hiding the actions of their opponents within their exaggerations. The pieces hold a deeper meaning when the opponents are able to realize their wrong actions on their own rather than being scolded for it. This method allows them to look within themselves. As a result, satire is an outlet for individuals to express their concerns seeing that people do not realize the true meaning at first glance. Second, A Modest Proposal and The Daily Show are successful in targeting the individuals that they are frustrated with. Swift throughout his piece highlights the stereotype faced by Irish women when he refers to them as â€Å"constant breeders† (319), which demonstrates that the British simply saw them as lowly individuals. Ironically, Swift does not view the killing of children as inhumane or wrong. In fact, he refers to them as animals when he states they will dress the children â€Å"for the knife, as we do roasting pigs† (317). Swift does not consider them humans with rights but livestock. Swift’s use of irony is effective because it reveals the English deep-seated hate for the Irish. They are slowly killing the parents so whyShow MoreRelatedNot Many People Can Write A Proposal Consisting Of Three1396 Words   |  6 PagesNot many people can write a proposal consisting of three thousand three hundred and seventy-six words in which political and economic issu es are discussed and given a solution in such a serious yet sarcastic tone, but this is exactly what Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal does. Swift was born in Dublin, Ireland to British parents and as result of this, he yearned to get as far away as he could from the Irish. After he was ordained into the Church of Ireland in 1964, he was exposed to the livesRead MoreJonathan Swift’s Essay A Modest Proposal, and Voltaire’s Novella, Candide999 Words   |  4 Pageslong or short, essay or novella. In these two works, the authors bring light to ongoing social, political, and philosophical issues of their time and age. The two works I am referring to are Jonathan Swift’s satirical essay, A Modest Proposal, and Voltaire’s novella, Candide, or Optimism. In both A Modest Proposal and Candide, there is a portrayal of irony, cold logic and reasoning rather than emotion, and misguided philosophy. Exploring the issues within these texts can implement a bett er understandingRead MoreCompare/Contrast Thomas Jefferson and Jonathan Swift1434 Words   |  6 Pagesthe citizens have to show their dissent, and what form should that dissent take? All of these are questions looking to be answered, with varying degrees of seriousness, by Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Swift. Thomas Jefferson’s A Declaration of Independence may be thought of as a universal symbol of traditional American values, however in it exists several layers of meaning, each appealing to the reader and their sense of social responsibility. While Swift’s A Modest Proposal attempts a similar entreatyRead MoreJonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal1456 Words   |  6 PagesJonathan Swift was an Irish poet and satirist of the eighteenth century. Although the son of Englishmen, Swift was born and raised in Ireland. While living in Ireland, he witnessed the death of thousands of Irish due to starvation which was caused due to crop failure. Swift, who wasn’t even personally affected by the issue, acknowledged that the death of the Irish population which he argues was caused because of the neglect of English landowners. Instead of allowing for the is sue to continue to beRead MoreAnalysis Of Swift s A Modest Proposal 1546 Words   |  7 Pagesactivism, irony, exaggeration, humor, and ridicule are all valuable rhetorical tools to expose faults and make a point (New Oxford American Dictionary). Both Jonathan Swift and William Blake confront social systems of oppression in their literary careers, most notably with A Modest Proposal and Songs of Innocence respectively. Swift’s A Modest Proposal is an address to the wealthy English and appeal to the consumerism that drives economic exploitation that causes inequity and poverty. Due to the tenseRead MoreAnalysis Of Gulliver s Travels 1933 Words   |  8 PagesProfessor Lund Final Paper 14 May 2017 Throughout all of Jonathan Swift’s writings there are many commonalities. One in particular that stands out is the use of satire throughout both â€Å"Gulliver’s Travels†, which tells the story of a series of voyages of Lemuel Gulliver’s published in 1726, and â€Å"A Modest Proposal†, where Swift uses the idea of cannibalism to captivate his audience as well as focus on society’s problems. Throughout Swift’s life, politics and religion had a huge impact on him and moreRead MoreSummary Of Jonathan Swifts A Modest Proposal918 Words   |  4 PagesIrish. One of these people was a man named Jonathan Swift. In his essay â€Å"A Modest Proposal† Swift challenges the status quo of the time and place in which it was written by proposing that they eat the children of the poor, ending the hate between the Protestants and the Catholics, and suggesting that the landowners have mercy towards their tenants. In his essay, Swift first suggests that the population of Ireland eat the children of the poor. This proposal would shock anyone, but it was definitely

Tutankhamen was not a very influential Pharaoh Free Essays

Tutankhamen was not a very influential Pharaoh. However his tomb has revealed significant information about the New Kingdom Egypt. When Tutankhamen moved the court back to Thebes, he turned his back to the Reforms of Amarna period. We will write a custom essay sample on Tutankhamen was not a very influential Pharaoh or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was at a very young age therefore his decisions must have been under the advice of someone. ROLE OF THE PHARAOH The Pharaoh had many objectives throughout his life on the throne. These activities included keeping order of his people, religion and had many roles as a warrior and a ruler. Akhenaton’s religious beliefs did not last. His was where seen as heretic. When Tutankhamen came into power, within 10 years he restored all beliefs in the gods that Akhenaten ignored. This put all his followers behind him and gained him respect. This can be illustrated through the decorations in Tutankhamun’s tomb. He was seen with various gods, which depicted he believed in number of gods that Akhenaten did not. Further more there were drawings and pictures of the god Hapi and statues of the gods Isis, Nephthys, Serqet and Neith protecting the body of the king. It was important that the Pharaoh had strong relation with the gods and his religion. This showed a power within the pharaoh and provided loyalty by the people of the kingdom. He also had to be a ruler and keep his people in order. He did this through entertainments such as hunting. Evidence of this is found on his chest when he is hunting for animals. Hunting was a way of entertainment and to keep people please in the New kingdom Egypt. Hunting wild animals showed that there was none greater than the pharaoh. This secured his people’s belief and trust in him. There are also statues of the god of Water and Fertility (Hapi). This is an indication that Tutankhamen believed in this god. Therefore the fertility and wealth of the kingdom must have been good. The people of the kingdom had the pharaoh to thank to as a living god. MILITARY Tutankhamen was seen as a warrior in various drawings of him in his tomb. He was seen as a ruler and Ma’ar of the kingdom. Infact he is seen wearing the blue war crown of a pharaoh to indicate his relation with war and hunting. His rule over war and military is also demonstrated in the painting on the sides of his treasure chest, showing him either hunting wild animals or in battle. In the scene he is seen has fighting in a battle on his chariot, with his bow and arrows, he is shown has huge however his enemies much smaller. Tutankhamen was a great influence to his people in war. His ruling power was shown through his mask, which states him as a pharaoh. The mask is made of pure gold and has the two protective animals in it, the cobra and the vulture. However, Tutankhamen has never been involved in a war himself as there is no evidence of any battles. EGYPTIAN SOCIETY Fashion, food, economies, entertainment and fundamental living ways were very advanced and crucial in the Egyptian Society. The Egyptians usually wore white clothing, because white sustained coolness while black sustained heat. Their clothing was made from the stem of the flax plant. The clothing was a symbol of wealth as poor people and workers usually walked around naked and lived naked. Clothing also showed a man’s rank in the society, this depended on how elaborate his kilt was. Kings, gods and higher-class rulers usually wore colourful clothing this showed that they were noble and rich. Therefore clothing performed the role of symbolism for wealth, rank and importance in the society. However as well as clothing, fashion was very crucial. In Tutankhamen’s tomb, there are bottles of perfumes made from pure coconut oil. This shows the class and quality of the society and it had already advanced to perfumes and make up. The pharaoh had all sorts of skin care in his tomb for after life. There was also food and water provided in Tutankhamen’s tomb for his travel, which indicated the type of food consumed. There was also money provided in the tomb, which indicated the type of currency used. The Egyptian life stile was unique and advanced to all other. Tomb of Tutankhamen help is illustrate the needs of Egyptian society and its unique fundamentals. BURIAL CUSTOMS The burial customs of the ancient Egypt is very complex and symbolic. There are 3 aspects of a soul that the Egyptians believed in, the Kha, the Ba and the Akh. The mummification and burial of the pharaoh was crucial for the soul to keep safe and alive. The Egyptians would mummify someone in the belief that the body would be needed in the after life. The first process was the remove all moisture from the body so the body would not decay. After that his stomach, intestines and liver would be removed and put into special alabaster containers. The heart was left in the body as it would be needed to be weighted in the afterlife. The body then would be wrapped up with over 143 items such as amulets and jewellery to protect the pharaoh in the afterlife. There is proof of the process painted on the walls of Tutankhamen’s tomb. The process of the mummification would take 70 days in total. The body then would be sealed in the pharaoh’s body shaped coffin. In fact the body was put into 3 coffins. 2 made out of wood and the final one pure gold. After 70 days of process, the pharaoh is taken to his tomb and receives the opening of the mouth ceremony. Finally the body is sealed and the gods are left alone with the pharaoh to protect the body. RELIGION AND THE AFTERLIFE The pharaoh’s religion was the most crucial part of his ruling time. He was considered a living god, therefore his way of living was a role model to those below him. The previous pharaoh before Tutankhamen disobeyed all gods but himself. This caused unhappiness in the public and when Tutankhamen came into power, he revived the religious beliefs of the kingdom. The Egyptians believed that in the afterlife, pharaohs would become gods and their hearts would be weighted in line with a feather, if the heart is heavier than the feather than the pharaohs would not gain access. How to cite Tutankhamen was not a very influential Pharaoh, Papers

The Metaparadigm of Nursing Present Status and Future Refinements free essay sample

Several recent reviews of the status of nursing theory development indicate that nursing has n o established tradition of scholarship. Reviewers have pointed out that most work appears unfocused and uncoordinated, as each scholar moves quickly from one topic to another and as few scholars combine their efforts in circumscribed areas (Chinn, 1983; Feldman, 1980; Hardy, 1983; Roy, 1983; Walker, 1983). Broad areas for theory development’ are, however, beginning to be recognized. Analysis of past and present writings of nurse scholars indicates that theoretic and empirical work has always centered on just a few global oncepts and has always dealt with certain general themes. This paper identifies these central concepts and themes and formalizes them as nursing’s metaparadigm. Examples are given to illustrate the direction provided by the metaparadigm for theory development. The paper continues with a discussion o f refinements of t he metaparadigm needed at the levels of ja cqueline Fawcett, Ph. D. , F. We will write a custom essay sample on The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Future Refinements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A. A. N. , i s Associate Professor, and Section Chairperson, Science and Role Development, School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Page 84 disciplinary matrices and exemplars nd concludes with proposals for future work needed to advance to the discipline of nursing. Present Status of the Metaparadigm of Nursing The metaparadigrn of any discipline i s a statement or group of statements identifying its relevant phenomena. These statements spell out the phenomena of interest in a most global manner. No attempt i s made to be specific or concrete at the metaparadigm level. Eckberg Hill (1979) explained that the metaparadigm â€Å"acts as an encapsulating unit, or framework, within which the more restricted . . . structures develop† (p. 927). The Central Concepts of Nursing Evidence supporting the existence of a metaparadigm of nursing i s accumulating. A review of the literature on theory development in nursing reveals a consensus about the central concepts of the discipline-person, environment, health, and nursing (Fawcett, 1983; Flaskerud Halloran, 1980). This consensus i s documented by the following statements: O ne may. . . demarcate nursing in terms of four subsets: 1 ) persons providing care, 2) persons with health problems receiving care, 3) the environment in which care i s given, and 4 ) an end-state, well-being. (Walker, 1971, p. 429) The major concepts identified (from an nalysis of the components, themes, topics, and threads of the conceptual frameworks of 50 baccalaureate nursing programs) were Man, Society, Health, and Nursing. (Yura Torres, 1975, p. 22) The units person, environment, health, and nursing specify the phenomena of interest to nursing science. (Fawcett, 1978, p. 25) Nursing studies the wholeness or health of humans, recogn izing that humans are in continuous interaction with their environments. (Donaldson Crowley, 1978, p. 119) Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship Nursing’s focus i s persons, their environments, their health and nursing itself. Bush, 1979, p. 20) Nursing elements are nursing acts, the p atient, and health. (Stevens, 1979, p. l l ) The foci of nursing are the individual in relation to health, the environment, and the change process, whether it be maturation, adaptation, or coping. (Barnard, 1980, p. 208) Nursing i s defined as the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. (American Nurses‘ Association, 1980, p. 9 ) The four conceptual areas of nursing are: the person receiving nursing; the environment within which the person exists; the health-illness continuum within which the erson falls at the time of the interaction with the nurse; and finally, nursing actions themselves. (Flaskerud, cited in Brink, 1980, p. 665) The domai n of nursing has always included the nurse, the patient, the situation in which they find themselves, and the purpose of their being together, or the health of the patient. In more formalized terms, . . . the major components of the nursing [metalparadigm are nursing (as an action), client (human being), environment (of the client and of the nurse-client), and health. (Newman, 1983, p. 388) There i s general agreement that the central oncepts of the discipline of nursing are the nature of nursing, the individual who received nursing care, society-environment, and health. (Chinn, 1983, p. 396) These statements indicate that there i s considerable agreement among scholars as t o the concepts central to the discipline of nursing. In fact, a review of the literature revealed no contradictory statements. RecurringThemes The relationships between and among the concepts-person, environment, health, nursing-are elaborated in recurring themes found in works of nurse scholars since Nightingal e (1859). These themes are listed in Table 1. Summer, 1984, Volumo XVI, blo. 3 Metaparadigm of Nursing TABLE 1 THEMES OF THE YETAPARAWW OF NURSING 1. The principles and laws that govern the life-process, well-being. and optimum function of human beings, sick or well. 2. The patterning of human behavior in interaction with the environment in normal life events and critical life situations. 3. The process by which positive changes in health status are elfected. (Donaldson Crowley, 1978, p. 113; Gortner, 1980, p. 180) The four central concepts and three recurring themes identify the phenomena central to the discipline of nursing in an abstract, global manner. They represent the metaparadigm. As such, they have provided some direction for nursing theory development. As Newman (1983) explained: It i s within the context of these four major components and their interrelationships that theory development in nursing has proceeded. Theoretical differences relate to the emphasis placed on one or more of the components and to the way in which their relationships are viewed. (p. 388) The relationship between the concepts â€Å"person† and â€Å"health† i s considered in the first theme. Theories addressing this theme describe, explain, or predict individuals‘ behavior during eriods of wellness and illness. Newman’s (1979) theory of health i s one example. This theory includes the concepts of movement, time, space, and consciousness. Newman proposes that â€Å"the expansion of consciousness i s what life, and therefore health, i s a ll about† (p. 66). Another example i s Orem’s (1980) theory of self-care, wh ich maintains that â€Å"self-care and care of dependent family members are learned behaviors that purposely regulate human structural integrity, functioning, and human development† (p. 28). S till another example i s Orern’s theory of self-care deficits. This theory maintains that individuals â€Å"are subject t o healthrelated or health-derived limitations that render them incapable of continuous selftare or dependent care or that result in ineffective or incomplete care† (p. 2 7). The relationships among the concepts †person,â€Å" †environment,† and â€Å"health† are considered in the second theme. Theories addressing this theme Summer, 1B84, Volume XVI, No. 3 describe, explain, or predict individuals’ behavioral patterns as they are influenced by environmental factors during periods of wellness and illness. Such theories place the individuals ithin the context of their surrounding environment rather than considering them in isolation, as in the first theme. Roy and Roberts’ (1981) theory of the person as an adaptive system i s an example. This theory proposes that the person i s a system that adapts to a constantly changing environment. Adaptation i s accomplished through the action of coping mechanisms called the â€Å"regulator† and the â€Å"cognator. † The relationships among the â€Å"person,’’ â€Å"health,† and â€Å"nursing† are considered in the third theme. Environment may also be taken into account here. This heme i s addressed by theories about nursing practice. These theories describe or explain nursing processes or predict the effects of nursing actions. King‘s (1981) theory of goal attainment i s one example. King explains: that a paradigm, or disciplinary matrix, i s more restrictive than a metaparadigm, and that i t â€Å"represents the shared commitments of any disciplinary community, including symbolic generalizations, beliefs, values, and a host of other elements† (p. 926). The authors went on to say, A disciplinary matrix may be seen as the special subculture of a community. It does ot refer to the beliefs of an entire discipline (e. g. biology), but more correctly t o those beliefs of a specialized community (e. g. phage workers in biology). (p. 926) Identification of the metaparadigm i s an important step i n the evolution of a scholarly tradition for nursing. The n e x t step i s r efinement o f t h e metaparadigm concepts and themes, which occurs at the level of the paradigm or disciplinary matrix, rather than at that of the metaparadigm. The Disciplinary Matrix Eckberg and Hill (1979) explained Most disciplines have more than one disciplinary matrix. Each one represents a distinctive frame of reference within which the metaparadigm phenomena are viewed. Furthermore, each disciplinary matrix reflects a particular research tradition by identifying the phenomena that are within its domain of inquiry, the methods that are to be used to investigate these phenomena, how theories about these phenomena are to be tested, and how d ata are to be collected (Laudan, 1981, p. 151). More specifically, the research tradition of each disciplinary matrix includes six rules that encompass all phases of an investigation. The first rule identifies the precise nature f the problem to be studied, the purposes to be fulfilled by the investigation, or both. The second rule identifies the phenomena that are to be studied. The third rule identifies the research techniques that are to be employed and the research tools that are to be used. The fourth rule identifies the settings in which data are to be gathered and the subjects who are to provide the data. The fifth rule identifies the methods to be employed in reducing and analyzing the data. The sixth rule identifies the nature of contributions that the research will make to the advancement of knowledge. (Schlotfeldt, 1975, p. ) In nursing, disciplinary matrices are most clearly exemplified by such conceptual models as Johnson‘s (1980) Behavioral System Model, King’s (1981) Open Systems Model, Levine’s (1973) Conservation Model, Neuman’s (1982) Systems Model, Orem’s (1980) Self-care Model, Rogers’ (1980) Life Process Model, and Roy’s (1984) Adaptation Model. Each Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship Page 85 . . . nurse and client interactions are characterized by verbal and nonverbal communication, in which information i s exchanged and interpreted; by transactions, in which values, needs, and wants of each ember of the dyad are shared; by perceptions of nurse and client and the situation; by self in role of client and self in ro le of nurse; and by stressors influencing each person and the situation in time and space. (p. 144) Orem’s ( 1 980) theory of nursing systems is another example. This theory maintains that †nursing systems are formed when nurses use their abilities to prescribe, design, and provide nursing for legitimate patients (as individuals or groups) by performing discrete actions and systems of actions† (p. 29). Refinement of the Metaparadigm Metaparadigm of Nursing f these nursing models puts forth a distinctive frame of reference within which the metaparadigm phenomena are viewed. Each provides needed refinement of the metaparadigm by serving as a focus-†ruling some things in as relevent, and ruling others out due to their lesser importance† (Williams, 1979, p. 96). Conceptual models of nursing are beginning to make major contributions to the development of nursing theory. Theories derived directly from King’s model and from Orem’s model were id entified earlier. A considerable amount of empirical work designed to test unique nursing theories as well as heories borrowed from other disciplines i s n ow being guided by nursing models. Some of the studies are listed in Table 2. TABLE 2 Examples of Research Derived From Conceptual Models of Nursing Oorothy Johnson’s BehavioralSystem Model -An instrument for theory and research development using the behavioral systems model for nursing: The cancer patient. Part I (Derdiarian, 1983). -An instrument for theory and research development using the behavioral systems model for nursing: The cancer patient. Part II (Derdiarian Forsythe, 1983). -Achievement behavior in chronically ill children (Holaday, 1 974) Maternal response to their chronically ill infants’ attachment behavior of crying (Holaday, 1981) -Maternal conceptual set development: Identifyingpatterns of maternal response to chronically ill infant crying (Holaday, 1 982) -Development of a research tool: Patient indicators of nursing care (Majesky, Brester, Nishio, 1 978) Myra Levine’s Conservation Model -Effects of lifting techniques on energy expenditure: A preliminary investigation (Geden, 1 982) A comparision of two bearing-downtechniques during the second stage of labor (Yeates Roberts, 1984) Betty Neuman’s Systems Model Effects of information on postsurgical coping (Ziemer. 1 983) Dorothea Orem’s Self-care Model -Application of Orem’s theoretical constructs to selfcare medication behaviors in the elderly (Harper, 1984) -Development of an instrument to measure exercise of self-care agency (Kearney Fleischer, 1 979) Martha Roger’s Life Process Model -The relationship between identification and patterns of change in spouses’ body images during and after pregnancy (Fawcett, 1977) -Patients’ perceptions of time: Current research (Fitzpatrick, 1 980) -Reciprocy and helicy used t o relate mEGF and wound healing (Gill Atwood, 1 981) Thera peutic touch as energy exchange: Testing the theory (Ouinn, 1 984) Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model -Needs of cesarean birth parents (Fawcett, 1981) -An exploratory study of antenatal preparation for ce- Page 86 sarean birth (Fawcett Burritt, in press) -Clinical tool development for adult chemotherapy patients: Process and content (Lewis, Firsich. Parsell, 1 979) -Content analysis of interviews using a nursing model: A look at parents adapting to the impact of childhood cancer (Smith, Garvis, Martinson, 1 983) Despite the contributions already made by nursing models to theory development, much more work i s needed. In particular, rules addressing methodology and instrumentation must be specified. Moreover, programs of research emanating from each model must be conducted to refute or validate nursing theories. Programmatic research probably i s carried out most expediently by communities of scientists. Hardy (1983) explained that each community of scientists i s . . . a g roup of persons w h o are aware of their uniqueness and the separate identity of their group. The have a special coherence which separates them from neighboring groups, and this special bond means they have a shared set of values and a common commitment which operates as hey work together t o achieve a common goal. Coordination of their activities may include interaction among the coordination of institutions, organizations, groups, and individuals. Such coordinated groups hold a common perspective, common values and common bonds, a nd they have common sets of activities and functions which they carry out to achieve a common ou tcome. (p. 430) Each community of scientists, then, represents a distinctive subculture, or disciplinary matrix, of the parent discipline. It can be argued that communities of scientists may be formed outside the organizing framework of nursing models. However, it also can be argued that conceptual models of nursing, like the disciplinary matrices of other disciplines, are the most logical nuclei for communities of scientists. This argument i s supported by three facts. First, the curricula of most schools of nursing now are based on conceptual models. Second, most graduate programs and many undergraduate programs offer courses dealing with the content and uses of nursing models. And third, clinical agencies are beginning to organize the delivery of nursing care according to the tenets of conceptual ‘models. image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship Collectively, these facts mean that cademicians, students, clinicians, and administrators are thinking about nursing theory, nursing research, and nursing practice within the context of explicit conceptual models. It i s probable, then, that eventually the development of a ll nursing theory will be directed by nursing models. It may even by possible to categorize seemingly isolate d past and current work according to conceptual models. This should provide more organization for extant nursing knowledge and should identify gaps and needed areas of inquiry more readily than is possible now. Moreover, such an endeavor should identify members of different ommunities of scientists to each other as w ell as t o the larger scientific community. Exemplars S till further refinement of the metaparadigm i s needed a t the most restrictive level-that of the exemplar. Eckberg and Hill (1979) identified the function of an exemplar as permitting â€Å"a way of seeing one’s subject matter on a concrete level, thereby allowing puzzle solving to take place† (p. 927). They went on to explain: For a discipline to b e a science it must engage i n puzzle-solving activity; but puzzle solving can only be carried out if a community shares concrete puzzle solutions, or exemplars. It i s t he exemplar that i s i mportant, not merely the disciplinary matrix, and certainly not merely the general presuppositions of t he community [i. e. , the metaparadigm]. The latter may be important, but they do n ot direct ongoing, dayto-day research. (p. 927) There i s some evidence of exemplars in nursing. This includes but is not limited to Fitzpatrick’s (1980) programmatic research on time perception; studies o effects of information f about a threatening procedure on a patient’s responses to the procedure (e. g. , Hartfied, Cason, Cason, 1982; Johnson, Fuller, Endress, Rice, 1978; Ziemer, 19831, and investigations of actors contributing to the outcomes of social support (Barnard, Brandt, Raff, Carroll, 1984 in press). These researchers are beginning to solve some of the major puzzles of nursing. However, more work i s needed to identify other puzzles and to develop methods for their solutions. Summer, 1984, Volume XVI, No. 3 Metaparadigm of Nursing Conclu sion It is time to formally accept the central concepts and themes of nursing as the metaparadigm of the discipline. It i s also time to direct efforts toward furf ther refinement o this metaparadigm by developing specific rules for the empirical work needed to generate nd test nursing theories within the context of conceptual ‘models. The metaparadigm must be refined still further through the developing of new puzzle-solving activities that will provide answers to the most pressing problems encountered by nurse clinicians, educators, and ddministrators. Any one of these activities would in itself make a significant contribution to the discipline; a ll three could quite possibly be the major accomplishments of the decade. ‘As used here, theory development reft. r\ to generation a nd testing of theory. and encornpasiei †ivory tower† theorizing as well as empirical rewarch. References American Nurses’ As5ocialion. Nursing: A social policy statement. Kansas City, Missouri: ANA, 1980. Barnard, K. E. Knowledge for practice: Direction5 for the future. Nursing Research, 1980. 29, 208-21 2. Barnard, K . E. , Brandt, P. , Raff. 8.. Carroll, P. (Ed,. ). Social support and families of vulnerable infants. New York: March of Dimes, 1984. Brink, P. 1. Editorial. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 1980, 2, 665-666. Buih, H . A. Models for nursing. Advances i n Nursing Science, 1979, l ( 2 ) . 13-21. Chinn, P. L. Nursing theory development: Where we have been and where we are going. In N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time to speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Donaldson, S. K. , Crowley, D. M . The discipline of nursing. Nursing Outlook, 1978, 26, 113-120. Eckberg, D. L .. Hill, L. , Jr. The paradigm concept and sociology: A critical review. American Sociological Review, 1979, 44,925-937. Fawcett, 1. The â€Å"what† of theory development. In Theory developmenk What, why, how? (pp. 17-33). New York: National League for Nursing, 1978. Fawcett, 1. (1983). Hallmarks of success in nursing theory development. In P. L. Chinn, (Ed. ), Advances i n nursing theory development (pp. -17). Rockville, Maryland: Aspen. Feldrnan, H. R. Nursing research in the 1980s: Issues and implications. Advances in N ursing Science, 1980, 3(1);85-92. Fitzpatrick, 1. J . Patients perceptions of time: Current research. International Nursing Review, 1980, 27, 148-153, 160. Flaskerud. 1. H. , Halloran, E. J. Areas of agreement in nursing theory development. Advances in Nursing Science, 1980, 3(1), 1-7. Hardy. M. Metaparadigrnsand theory development. In N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A t ime t o speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Hartfield. M. k Cason, C. L. , Cason, C. J . Effects of , information about a threatening procedure on patients‘ expectations and emotional distress. Nursing Research, 1 982,31,202-206. lohnson, D. E . The behavioral system model for nursing. In J . P. Riehl C. Roy, (Eds. ), Conceptual models for nursing practice (2nd ed. ). New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1980. Johnson. 1 . E. , Fuller, S . 5.. Endress, M. P . , Rice, V S. . Altering patients’ responses to surgery: An extension and replication. Research in Nursing and Health, 1978, 1 , 111-121. King. I. M. A theory for nursing: Systems, concepts, process. New York: Wiley, 1981. Neurnan, B . The Neuman systems model: Application t o nursing education and practice. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1982. Newrnan, M. A. Theory development in nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1979. Newrnan, M . A. The continuing revolution: A history of nursing science. I n N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time t o speak. New York: McGrawHill, 1983. Nightingale, F. Notes on nursing: What it is, a nd what it i s not. London: Harrison, 1859. (Reprinted by L i p pincott, 1946) Orem, D. E. Nursing: Concepts of practice (2nd ed. ). New York: McCraw-Hill, 1980. Rogers, M. E . A n introduction to t he theoretical basisk f nursing. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1970. Roy, C. I ntroduction to nursing: An adaptation model. (2nd Ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: PrenticeHall, 1984. Roy, C. Theory development in nursing: Proposal for direction. In N. L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time t o speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Roy, C. , Roberts, S . L . Theory construction i n nursing: An adaptation model. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1981. Schlotfeldt, R. M. The needs for a conceptual framework, In P . J. Verhonick (Ed. ), Nursing research I. Boston: Little, Brown. 1975. Stevens, 8. J. N ursing theory. Analysis, application, evaluation. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979. Walker, L. 0. Toward a clearer understanding of the concept of nursing theory. Nursing Research, 1971, 20, 428-435. Walker, L. 0. Theory and research in the development of nursing as a discipline: Retrospect and prospect. In N . L. Chaska (Ed. ), The nursing profession: A time to speak. New York: McCraw-Hill, 1983. Williams, C. A. The nature and development of conceptual frameworks. In F. S . Downs I . W . Fleming, (Eds. ) Issues in nursing research. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1979. Ziemer, M. M. Providing patients with information rior t o surgery and the reported frequency of coping behaviors and development of symptoms foll owing surgery. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1982. A Response to D r. J . Fawcett’s Paper: â€Å"The Metaparadigm of Nursing: Present Status and Fut ure Refinement s† June N. Brodie, R. N. , Ph. D. D r. Fawcett’s formulation of a metapa radigm for nursing represents a commendable effort to consolidate competing nursing theories and encompasses enormous potential for the advancement of nursing knowledge, research, and practice meriting serious consideration by nursing une N . Brodie, R. N. , Ph. D . i s Associate Professor of Nursing Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. Summer, 1984, Volume XVI, No. 3 scholars. This response focuses on how she accomplished this task (what she did and how she did it as well as what she didn’t do and what needs to be done). Essentially Dr. Fawcett’s metaparadigm can be viewed as an evolution of a nursing metaparadigm and an organization of the growth of nursing knowledge rather than as a completed and finalized product. To be more explicit, the basis of the paper exhibits the spirit of Darwinian Evolution and ould be treated as a manifestation of Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship a transitional phase i n the competition for the survival of the fittes t (theory). The metaparadigm represents a serious and scholarly attempt to negotiate entry into a different level of the theoretical arena of nursing knowledge. This task was accomplished by examining the concepts derived from the phenomena of the discipline and converging these concepts into a context pertinent to the domain of nursing by providing a structure (a metaparadigm) that has the potential of consolidating disparate nursing theories into Page 87

Ramadan in Islamic Traditions

Today there are lots of different religions so that people can easily find the one to follow. The new ones are not very popular, and some of them are even unknown to the majority of the general public, which cannot be said about those that are accepted by millions of individuals. Islam1 is one of them, as it is said to have more than a billion of followers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ramadan in Islamic Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A monotheistic worldview that is created by this religion proves it to be similar to others including Christianity; still they should not be discussed as familiar ones. Islam became known as a religion with numerous followers at the beginning of the 7th century, and its occurrence cannot be described without the connection to Muhammad2. According to Islamic tradition, this man is a non-direct descendant of Adam. He lived an ordinary life till he turned 40 years of ag e. At this period, Muhammad saw a vision from the angel Gabriel, and this event changes his life greatly, as with the course of time he turned into a prophet. The first vision was received during the month of Ramadan, which is exceptional for Muslims3 (Anderson 10). Ramadan is the 9th month in the Islamic year, which is based on the changing moons, so the time when it occurs and its duration (29-30 days) differ. It is a sacred period of time for Muslims, and for many years already they devote it to fasting and praying (Murray 6). This month is given to people to show their devotion to Allah. However, currently Muslims tend to observe only the third pillar4 of their religion (fasting) and forget about prayers and charity. Today they are changed for parties and shopping, which resembles a holiday more than the act that should prove people’s belief in Allah (Blackwell 2). During this month, Muslims take suhur5 before the sunrise and end the day with iftar6 (â€Å"Ramadan, the M onth of Fasting† par. 6). Ramadan reaches its decline with the holiday that is called Eid al-Fitr, during which Muslims are not permitted to fast. Nowadays many people are allowed to change their religion to the one they find the most appropriate and lots of individuals are immigrants who changed their location, Ramadan is celebrated not only in the Muhammad’s native country but also in the US, New Zealand and other places. Ramadan unites all followers of Islam giving them the time they can use to focus on their faith and families. Thousands of people gather in one place to pray in Arabic even if it is not their native language, as the Quran7 is written in it. The reason Ramadan is still celebrated by all Muslims lies in the fact that the followers of Islam believe that during this month the gates to heaven are open while those that lead to hell are closed. It means that Allah looks at people and rewards their good deeds that can be easily conducted as the devil cannot influence them.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a consequence, many believers try to give up their bad habits and pray more. This is the time when the least disagreements occur and when people develop their positive qualities that are likely to make them closer to God. Among the customs that are considered to enhance spirituality is charity. Muslims tend to help poor people. They gather food, clothes and money to give it those who are in need. They also read the Quran and try to look through it till the end before Ramadan ends (Sievert 8). According to the Quran, people who are not able to conduct some of the expected actions during Ramadan can substitute them by different ones: â€Å"If one volunteers (more righteous works), it is better; but fasting is the best for you, if you only knew† (Tucson par. 3). In this way, more Muslims can keep to their religion and its rules, which allows Islam remain extremely popular among the population of the world. The followers also believe that the things they are to do are all beneficial for them, as Allah would never ask them to do something bad. They have proved this theory by proving the positive effects of fasting, which also reduces the number of non-believers. In some countries, the individuals who fail to follow the rules of Ramadan are treated as criminals and can be even put in prison for several years. There are also some other ways of punishment that include fines and physical punishment. In this way, the crime rates decrease greatly. Thus, Ramadan is extremely important for all followers of Islam regardless their location and nationality. This is the month when people become highly religious and act according to the accepted norms. Ramadan is not only the way to show the devotion to God but also a thing that make people less aggressive and more generous. Works Cited Anderson, Kerby. A Biblical Point of View on Islam, Eugene: Harvest House Publishers, 2007. Print. Blackwell, Amy. Ramadan, New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ramadan in Islamic Traditions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Murray, Julie. Ramadan. Edina: ABDO, 2011. Print. Ramadan, the Month of Fasting n.d. Web. https://www.colostate.edu/. Sievert, Terri. Ramadan: Islamic Holy Month, Mankato: Capstone, 2006. Print. Tucson, Masjid. Blessings of Ramadan 2006. Web. http://www.masjidtucson.org/publications/books/sp/2006/sep/page1.html. References 1 The Abrahamic religion according to which the aim of the human’s existence is worshipping to Allah (God); the second largest religion. 2 Muá ¸ ¥ammad ibn Ê ¿AbdullÄ h is the messenger sent by Allah to direct people. 3 People who follow Islam.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 4 The acts that Muslims are to conduct being believers. There are 5 pillars in total. 5 The pre-dawn meal during Ramadan. 6 The evening meal during Ramadan. 7 The main text of Islamic religion, which reveals the Allah’s messages. This essay on Ramadan in Islamic Traditions was written and submitted by user Zaniyah Campbell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Websites with Joomla Essays

Websites with Joomla Essays Websites with Joomla Essay Websites with Joomla Essay Building Websites with Joomla! 1. 5 The best-selling Joomla! tutorial guide updated for the final release Hagen Graf BIRMINGHAM MUMBAI Building Websites with Joomla! 1. 5 Copyright  © 2008 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, Packt Publishing, nor its dealers or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: March 2008 Production Reference: 1240308 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK. ISBN 978-1-847195-30-2 www. packtpub. com Cover Image by Vinayak Chittar (vinayak. [emailprotected] com) Credits Author Hagen Graf Translator Wolfgang Spegg Senior Acquisition Editor Louay Fatoohi Technical Editor Akshara Aware Editorial Team Leader Mithil Kulkarni Project Manager Abhijeet Deobhakta Cover Work Shantanu Zagade Project Coordinator Brinell Lewis Indexer Monica Ajmera Proofreader Chris Smith Production Coordinators Aparna Bhagat Shantanu Zagade About the Author Hagen Graf was born in July 1964. Born and raised in Lower Saxony, Germany, his first contact with a computer was in the late seventies with a Radioshack TRS 80. As a salesperson, he organized his customers data by programming suitable applications. This gave him a big advantage over other salesmen. With the intention of honing his skills, he joined evening courses in programming and became a programmer. Nowadays, he works in his wifes consulting company as a trainer, consultant, and programmer ( ocoate. com). Hagen Graf has published other books in German, about the Apache web server, about security problems in Windows XP, about Mambo, and about Drupal. Since 2001, he has been engaged in a nonprofit e-learning community called machmit. org e. V. , as well as in several national and international projects. All the projects are related to content management, community building, and harnessing the power of social software like wikis and weblogs. He chose Joomla! CMS be cause of its simplicity and easy-to-use administration. You can access and comment on his blog ( bloghouse. org/en/hagen). Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Content Management System (CMS) A Quick Glance into History Joomla! - How was it Developed? Structure of a Web Content Management System (WCMS) Front End and Back End Access Rights Content Extensions Components Templates Plug-Ins 7 8 11 13 13 13 14 14 1 7 Workflow Configuration Settings API Is Joomla! a Piece of Real Estate? Joomla! Versions Numbering System of Joomla! Versions Road Map Changes In Detail Internationalization User Plugs of Joomla! Pages Joomla. org Travel Shop, Ireland Frank Ludtke, Germany Hotel Schonruh, Austria Urth. tv, USA unric. org, Europe porsche. com. br, Brazil Summary 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 Chapter 2: Installation Client-Server System Accessing a Joomla! Website on the Internet Technical Requirements for Joomla! Necessary Elements for a Joomla! System Installation Local Test Environment Windows Operating System Linux Operating System Mac OS X Operating System Rented Virtual Server Your Own Server 29 29 29 30 30 31 Production Environment 32 33 33 36 31 31 32 32 32 Setting Up the Local Server Environment Windows Linux XAMPP for Windows openSUSE 10. x Debian/Ubuntu Your Own Server at a Provider (Root Server) 34 36 37 37 Joomla! Installation on a Virtual Server on the Net Joomla! Installation Selecting a Directory for Installation An Example Directory Unpacking 38 39 39 Joomla! Web Installer Step 1: Language Selection Step 2: Pre-Installation Check Step 3: Licence Step 4: Database Configuration Step 5: FTP Configuration Step 6: Configuration Step 7: Completion [ ii ] 41 39 39 41 42 42 43 44 46 46 48 Table of Contents. Summary 50 Chapter 3: A Tour of Your New Website Front End Menus Top Menu Main Menu/Breadcrumbs Other Menus What is Content? First Page/Front Page The Newest Information/The Most Often Read Messages Banner Area Login Area Polling Who is Online? Feeds Search Field 51 51 53 Content 54 53 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 59 60 60 60 Advertising Functions 57 58 Decorative Elements Outlook Back end Summary 61 61 62 63 Chapter 4: Customizing Joomla! - Language and Templates A Different Language for the Website and the Administrator Installation of a Different Language File Translation of a Menu Entry Modifying the Menu Name Changing the Template for Your Website Changing Colors in the Template Summary Screen Layout Menu Bar Tool Bar Submenus Filter Elements Content Area Lists Dialogs Miscellaneous Help 5 65 65 67 68 68 69 70 71 71 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 Chapter 5: Configuration of Joomla! Administration 71 [ iii ] Table of Contents Help Icon Help with Speech Balloons Help Menu Joomla! Help System Info Summary 75 75 75 76 76 78 Chapter 6: Site Menu Control Panel User Manager Logout Users Icon Delete Users Icon Edit Users Icon New User Icon Media Manager Creating Directories Uploading a File Global Configuration Site Section 79 System Section System Settings Users Settings Media Settings Debug Settings Cache Settings Session Settings Site Settings Metadata Settings SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Settings 79 80 81 81 82 86 86 88 88 89 90 94 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 Server Section Logout Summary Server Settings Locale Settings FTP Settings Database Settings Mail Settings 103 103 99 100 100 101 102 99 Chapter 7: The Menus Menu Menus Customizing an Existing Menu Menus Icon Default Icon Publish/Unpublish Icon Move Icon [ iv ] 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 Table of Contents. Copy Icon Trash Icon Edit Icon (Edit Menu Items) New Icon Menu Trash Creating a New Menu Summary 109 109 109 116 117 117 123 Chapter 8: Content Menu Article Manager Description of the Articles List Editing Icons for an Article Archive, Unarchive Approve, Block Move, Copy Trash Basket Parameters Parameters 125 126 127 129 Creating a New Article Images Article Trash Section Manager Editing Sections Category Manager Front Page Manager Editing Content from the Front End Summary 132 137 140 140 141 144 145 146 147 130 130 130 130 131 133 Chapter 9: Components Menu Banner Banners Clients Manage Banners Graphic Banners Text Links Contacts Contact Manager Details Information Parameters 149 49 149 150 151 152 153 154 154 Creation of a Menu Link for the Website Categories News Feeds Feeds [v] 156 159 160 160 155 156 156 Table of Contents Categories Polls Search Statistics Web Links Links Categories Summary 161 162 164 164 164 166 166 Chapter 10: Extensions Menu Install/Uninstall Install, Components, Modules, Plug-ins, Languages, and Templates Module Manager Site Module Breadcrumbs Footer Banner Main Menus Statistics Login Form Archive Sections Related Items Wrapper Feed Display Whos Online Polls Advertisement Random Image Syndication Newsflash Latest News Popular Search 67 167 168 169 171 Administrator Module Logged in Users Popular Recent added Articles Menu Stats Footer Unread Messages Online Users Quick Icons Login Admin Menu User Status Admin Submenu Title Toolbar 182 171 172 172 173 174 175 176 176 176 176 177 178 178 178 179 179 179 180 181 181 183 183 183 183 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 [ vi ] Table of Contents. Plugins Manager Authentication Plug-ins Joomla! LDAP OpenID Gmail CSS Admin Menu 184 185 184 Content Plug-ins Image Page Navigation SEF Rating Email Cloaking GeSHi Load Module Pagebreak No Editor TinyMCE 2. 0 86 185 186 186 186 Editors Plug-ins Editors-xtd Plug-ins Search Plug-ins System Plug-ins Log Debug Legacy Cache Remember Me Backlink Joomla! 188 188 188 188 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 187 188 188 User Plug-ins 189 189 190 190 188 189 189 189 189 189 189 189 190 XML-RPC Plug-ins Template Manager Site Editing a Template Preview Icon Edit HTML Icon Edit CSS Icon XML-RPC-Joomla XML-RPC blogger API Administrator Language Manager Summary 192 192 192 190 191 191 192 Chapter 11: Tools Private Messaging System Mass Mail [ vii ] 193 193 194 Table of Contents Global Check-In Summary 95 196 Chapter 12: More on Extensions Fireboard (Forum) Installation Configuration Setting Up a Forum Integration into the Website DOCman (Download section, Document Management) Installation Configuration Language Integration into the Website Preparing Content Search Plug-in Supplementary Module Expose Flash Gallery Installation Integration into the Website Album Manager in the Administration Section Uninstallation Album Manager as a Stand-Alone Program Integration into the Joomla! Framework Problems with Third-Party Components Updates Security What should you Do? Summary Corporate Identity HTML/XHTML, CSS, and XML HTML/XHTML CSS XML Creating Your Own Templates Concept HTML Conversion Directory Structures of the Template First Trial Run 197 198 199 201 201 202 203 204 205 205 206 208 210 210 211 212 214 216 219 219 220 220 220 220 221 221 223 224 224 224 225 226 226 227 230 232 Chapter 13: Writing Your Own Joomla! Templates 223 [ viii ] Table of Contents. Integration of the Joomla! Module Creating a Template Package Installation with the Joomla! Template Installer What Source Code Comes from Joomla? Summary 233 235 236 236 240 Chapter 14: Barrier Freedom and Joomla! Barrier Freedom- What is it Anyway? The Legal Backround 241 241 Criteria for Accessible Sites at a Glance Separation of Content and Layout Demands on Design and Content Visual and Content Component The MySQL Table The Front End The com_auto Administration Test Creating an Installation Package Modules Source Code Installation View on the Website Plug-ins Summary Idea Preparations Logo and Appearance Technical Conversion Local Installation The First Few Articles Masthead Photographs Texts 67 267 268 269 270 275 276 277 281 290 290 292 292 294 294 294 297 299 300 300 302 Chapter 16: A Website with Joomla! 299 302 302 302 304 305 307 307 307 308 309 310 311 312 312 Menu Structure Setting up the Texts and the Menu Links in the Main Menu Contact Link Top Menu Shop The Impressions Structure of the Main Menu Structure of the Top Menu Structure of the User Menu 306 308 The User Section User Details The User Menu The Download Section 311 First Results M Bertrand Learns CSS [x] 314 314 315 Table of Contents. Changes for Joomla! V ersion 1. Installation on the Webserver How to Do the Installation Installation of Joomla! at the Provider Importing the Data File and Directory Rights Search Engines Search Engine Friendly URLs Metatags Design Installation of the Template The Template Happy End How Does It Work in Reality? Summary FTP MySQL Formatting Step by Step 322 323 323 324 324 326 327 327 327 327 328 328 330 330 330 318 323 324 Chapter 17: Bonus Templates NGO Tom Bohacek The World Knowledge Template Creative Approach Structural Approach Business Establishment Andy Miller Summary 331 32 332 332 333 334 334 334 336 Appendix A: Online Resources Appendix B: Template Modules Appendix C: How Do I switch an Image (Logo) in the Template? Appendix D: Joomla! API Appendix E: Forgot the Admin Password Appendix F: Migration from Joomla! 1. 0. x to Joomla! 1. 5 Backing Up Your Data Backing Up the Files The Migration Script New Installation of Joomla! 1. 5. 0 337 339 341 343 345 347 347 350 350 350 [ xi ] Table of Content s Manual Method Modifying the Joomla! 1. 5 Database Scheme Importing the Tables 351 351 351 Appendix G: Security Without Global Variables Index 53 355 [ xii ] Preface Joomla! is life! It is an open-source project that is in constant motion. It is unpredictable, sometimes indescribable, partially controversial, now and then slightly sleepy, and provincial. Despite this, or perhaps exactly because of this, it has been extremely successful for two years now and is popular with millions of users worldwide. There is a stable, widely used, and popular version 1. 0x. For the past two years, developers have hammered, tinkered, forged, modified, disagreed, deleted, expanded, and hammered again. Two incredibly exciting years have passed since the foundation of Joomla! 2005. The Joomla! team has organized and established itself in these years, it has enhanced Joomla! 1. 0 up to version 1. 0. 13 and has now taken the biggest development step so far with version 1. 5. The users of the system have been equally ambitious. Many of them have converted their websites from Mambo to Joomla! And many users have come brand new to Joomla! , and there are still some people in this world that dont know the system. Joomla! is the most widely used open-source Web Content Management System in the world. One year after the foundation of the project, in the fall of 2006, the development team reported approximately 5,000,000 Joomla! installations on public web servers that were being used more or less continuously. There were 45,000 registered developers with 1,100 projects that expanded Joomla! with additional functionalities. There were 450,000 entries from 50,000 users in the forum at joomla. org. Preface Here are the numbers one year later, in November 2007: More than 20,000,000 installations 28 members in the development team and 16 members in the core team Over 2,000 projects that are preparing to expand Joomla! More than 1,000,000 (one million) entries and 100,000 users in Joomla! s forum That is an increase of more than 100 % in one year! The scope of the websites rages from very simple homepages to complex business applications. In this book I will explain why Joomla! is so successful and how you can use it as well. The word Joomla! is derived from Jumla from Swahili and means all together. Joomla! is the software result of a serious disagreement between the Mambo Foundation, which was founded in August 2005, and its development team. Joomla! s the continued development of the successful Mambo system and, like Mambo, is a piece of software that enables simple administration of websites from a web browser. Joomla! , according to its own description, is a Cutting Edge Content Management System and one of the most powerful Open Source Content Management systems in the world. It is used world-wide for anything from simple homepages to complicated corporate websites. It is easy to install, eas y to manage, and very reliable. What This Book Covers First of all this book, naturally, is about Joomla! and how to use Joomla!. Joomla! is a tool with a myriad of options and depending on your imagination and needs you can use them in a variety of ways. In order for you to get comfortable with this tool, I have divided the book into the following chapters. Chapter 1 covers the terms and conventions that will make it easier to work with Joomla!. Chapter 2 describes how to install Joomla! in various environments. Chapter 3 provides an overview by means of a tour of the structure of the example data that is available once Joomla! is installed. Chapter 4 covers customizing Joomla! language and templates. [2] Preface Chapter 5 covers the operation of the administration area, its configuration, and administration of content. It also discusses the elements in the Menu bar, Tool bar, and the Help menu. Chapter 6 discusses how to customize the Site menu. Chapter 7 discusses how to customize the Menus menu. Chapter 8 discusses how to customize the Content menu. Chapter 9 discusses how to customize the Components menu. Chapter 10 discusses the Extensions menu. Chapter 11 talks about the Tools menu containing administrator tools: a private messaging system, a mass mailing function, and the global checking in of content elements. Chapter 12 presents examples of extension possibilities for Joomla!. Chapter 13 deals with the design of your website and how to create your own templates. Chapter 14 is written by Angie Radtke. Angie is the undisputed expert when it comes to Joomla! barrier-freedom and she is the mastermind behind the creation of the barrier-free Beez template with Robert Deutz. Chapter 15 teaches you how to write your own extensions. Chapter 16 helps create a practical application with Joomla! from concept to realization of the website. Chapter 17 introduces two templates that you can use for your own website. In the appendix you will find important details for updates, security, and other important subjects. Conventions In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their meaning. There are three styles for code. Code words in text are shown as follows: If you take a look in your database system, there are a whole bunch of components in the [PathtoJoomla]/components subdirectory and one of them is the com_contact component. [3] Preface A block of code will be set as follows: main . eading h2,#main2 . leading h2 { background:#EFDEEA; border-bottom:solid 0 #333; color:#93246F; font-family:trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size:1. 4em; font-weight:normal; Any command-line input and output is written as follows: /etc/init. d/mysql start New terms and important words are introduced in a bold-type font. Words that you see on the screen, in menus or dialog boxes for exampl e, appear in our text like this: clicking the Next button moves you to the next screen. Important notes appear in a box like this. Tips and tricks appear like this. Reader Feedback Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about this book, what you liked or may have disliked. Reader feedback is important for us to develop titles that you really get the most out of. To send us general feedback, simply drop an email to [emailprotected] com, making sure to mention the book title in the subject of your message. If there is a book that you need and would like to see us publish, please send us a note in the SUGGEST A TITLE form on www. packtpub. com or email [emailprotected] com. If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, see our author guide on www. acktpub. com/authors. [4] Preface Customer Support Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things to help you to get the most from your purchase. Downloading the Example Code for the Book The downloadable files contain instructions on how to use them. Visit packtpub. com/files/code/5302_Code. zip, to directly downlad the example code. Errata Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our contents, mistakes do happen. If you find a mistake in one of our books- maybe a mistake in text or code- we would be grateful if you would report this to us. By doing this you can save other readers from frustration, and help to improve subsequent versions of this book. If you find any errata, report them by visiting packtpub. com/support, selecting your book, clicking on the Submit Errata link, and entering the details of your errata. Once your errata are verified, your submission will be accepted and the errata added to the list of existing errata. The existing errata can be viewed by selecting your title from packtpub. com/support. Questions You can contact us at [emailprotected] om if you are having a problem with some aspect of the book, and we will do our best to address it. [5] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Before we dive into Joomla! , allow me to explain a few terms and concepts, and bring you up to date on some background material. Content Management System (CMS) Content Management System (CMS) contains the terms content and management, which imprecisely refer only to a system that manages content. Such a system could be a board and a piece of chalk (menu or school chalkboard), or some free online encyclopedia such as Wikipedia or an online auction house such as eBay. In all these examples contents are administered, in the last instance by numerous participants. These participants play a major role in content management systems, on one hand as administrators and on the other as users and editors. Apart from CMSs, there are terms such as Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP systems- administration of corporate data), Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM systems- maintenance of customer contacts), Document Management Systems (DMS systems- administration of documents), Human Resource Management Systems (HRM systems- administration of personnel), and many others. It is difficult to define the term CMS because of its encompassing nature and variety of functions. Wikepedias definition is my favorite: A content management system, or CMS, is a computer software system used to enable and organize the joint process of creating and editing text and multimedia documents (content). The abbreviation ECMS has established itself as the term for Enterprise Content Management Systems. The other abbreviations listed above are subsets of ECMS. Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Joomla! belongs to the category of Web Content Management Systems (WCMS), since its functionality is administered from a browser on the Web. In general, the term content management is used in connection with web pages that can be maintained by a browser. This doesnt necessarily make the definition any easier. A Quick Glance into History While Sun Microsystems maintained in the nineties that the network is the computer, Microsoft was not going to rest until a Windows computer sat on every desk. This prediction became a reality. Microsoft was able to rest and is actually looking for new markets and new products. The computer that Microsoft was concerned with was a mixture of data files and binary executable files. Files with executable binary contents are called programs, and were bought and installed by customers to manipulate data. Microsoft Office was the winner in most of the offices around the world. The computer that Sun was working with was a cheap, dumb terminal with a screen, a keyboard, a mouse, and access to the Internet. The programs and data were not stored on this computer, but somewhere on the net. The mine philosophy governed Microsofts practices whereas the our philosophy was adopted by Sun. The motivation for these philosophies in both the companies was commercial interest. Microsoft primarily sold software for PCs to the consumer market; Sun, on the other hand, sold server hardware and programs to the enterprise market. The Internet, invented in the sixties, underwent an explosive growth in the midnineties. Among other things, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), the language used to write web pages, and the development of web servers and web clients (browsers) helped its expansion. The Internet itself is merely a set of rules that various devices could understand and with which they could communicate with each other in such a clever way that it covered the entire planet in almost no time. An individual without an email address could no longer be reached and a company without a website was not only old-fashioned, but didnt exist in the eyes of many customers. The whole world swarmed to the Internet within a short time to become a part of it. Movies like The Matrix became a huge hit and 1984, a book by George Orwell, was successfully superseded. [8] Chapter 1 Those who were used to buying programs bought HTML editors and created Internet pages with them. The others preferred to write their own HTML code with whatever text editor they had on hand. And the web agency, where one could order a web page, was born. Both groups faced the problem that HTML pages were static. To change the content of the page, it had to be modified on a local PC and then copied to the server. This was not only awkward and expensive, but also made web presences like eBay or Amazon impossible. Both the groups came up with fixes to more or less solve this problem. The mine faction developed fast binary programs, with which one could produce HTML pages and load them via automated procedures onto the server. Interactive lements, such as visitor counters, among others, were built into such pages. The our faction discovered Java applets and with them the capability of writing a program that resided centrally on a server and could be maintained from a browser. Entire business ideas, like online booking and flight reservation concepts, were based on this solution. Both the groups tried to increase their market share in different ways. The result was quite a st able market for both, in which passionate battles over the correct operating system (Windows, Linux, or Mac OS X) constantly drove the version numbers higher and higher. Customers got used to the fact that nothing was easy. There is always a third option in these situations. In our case, it was, among other things, the emergence of open-source scripting languages like PHP ( php. net). Rasmus Lerdorf wanted to offer interactive elements on his homepage and with that a new programming language was born. From the outset, PHP was optimized in perfect cooperation with the MySQL database, which was also under the GNU/GPL license. Fortunately, there was the Linux operating system and the Apache web server that offered the necessary infrastructure on the server. The display medium at the client side was the browser. LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) soon became synonymous with database-supported, interactive presence on the Internet. The most diverse systems like forums, communities, online shops, voting pages, and similar things that made it possible to organize contents with the help of a browser were developed in an enthusiastic creative rush. Soon after the difficult things such as Linux and Apache had been created, the soft products were developed. [9] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations The nineties were nearing their end; the Internet share bubble burst and all of a sudden the trend was to build unmitigated classical business models with unmitigated classical methods. Whenever the economy isnt doing well, costs are scrutinized and the options for lowering costs are contemplated. There are now, as there were earlier, numerous options! PHP applications had distribution in the millions. We only need to look at the phpBB ( phpbb. com/) and phpMyAdmin ( phpmyadmin. net/) projects as examples. One developed to become the quasi-standard for forum software and the other, the standard for manipulating MySQL databases via web interfaces. The source code of the PHP language and the applications became better and better quickly due to the enormous number of users and developers. The more open a project was, the more successful it became. Individual gurus were able to save enterprises immense amounts of money in next to no time. Static HTML pages were considered old and expensive, and were overhauled. They had to be dynamic! Developers have been working in this environment for a decade now. Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP were readily accepted in the industry. The search for professionally usable PHP applications had begun. With this search one looks for: A simple installation process Easy serviceability of the source code Security of the source code User-friendliness Easy expandability Simple development Simple job training for new developers Standardized interfaces to other programs Low costs Independence from the supplier The special advantage of PHP applications is the independence from hardware and operating system. LAMP also exists as WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) for Windows, MAMP (Mac, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) for Apple, and for numerous other platforms. And now Joomla! finally enters the picture. [ 10 ] Chapter 1 Joomla! - How was it Developed? An Australian company, Miro ( miro. com. au), developed a CMS called Mambo in the year 2001. It made this system available as open-source software to test it and to ensure wider distribution. In the year 2002, the company split its Mambo product into a commercial and an open-source version. The commercial variant was called Mambo CMS, the open-source version Mambo Open Source or MOS for short. By the end of 2004 all parties involved had agreed that MOS could officially be called Mambo and that a successful future for the fastest developing CMS of its time would be jointly secured. The advantages of the commercial version were primarily the increased security for companies and the fact that they had Miro, which also supported further development, as guidance. The open-source version offered the advantage that it was free and that an enormous community of users and developers alike provided continuous enhancements. In addition, it was possible for enterprises to take Mambo as a base and to build their own solutions on top of it. In order to secure the existence and the continued development of Mambo, there were deliberations on all sides in the course of the year 2005 to establish a foundation for the open-source version of Mambo. In the fall of 2005 the establishment of the Mambo Foundation was announced on the Mambo project page. After positive reactions during the first few hours it quickly became obvious that Miro in Australia had established the foundation and that the developer team had not been included into the plans for the incorporation. Heated discussions erupted in the forums of the community and the developer team wrapped itself in silence for a few days. A short time thereafter a position was finally taken by the developing team and published on opensourcematters. org, announcing that it would be advised by the neutral Software Freedom Law Center (http://softwarefreedom. org/) and that it was planning the continued development of Mambo under its own responsibility. The prospect of an improved Mambo based on new source code immediately made its way into the forums. Quickly, a war of the roses developed between the Miro-dominated Mambo Foundation that was all of a sudden without a development team, and the development team itself, which, of course, needed a new name for the split entity, and an inflamed international community of hundreds of thousands of users. The parties sometimes called each other names in blogs, forums, and the respective project pages. Meanwhile, development of both projects continued. The fork was called Joomla! [ 11 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations The development team put great value on democratic rules. The new project needed a logo and therefore a contest was announced to the new community. By that time, about 8,000 users had registered with the new forum. The Mambo Foundation soon thereafter introduced its new development team. Version 1. 0 of Joomla! was published on the 17th of September 2005. Quickly many of the third-party developers, groups that had been developing Mambo components, switched the projects Simpleboard (today FireBoard), DOCman, and many others to Joomla! and therewith endorsed the trust in the new project. The prefix mos that had been used in so many variables and terms was quickly transformed to jos. A detailed summary of these events can be accessed on the Internet at: devshed. com/c/a/BrainDump/Joomla-is-theNew-Mambo/ Two years after its foundation, Joomla! was one of the most popular open-source projects in the world. However, a lot of time was wasted in those two years on organizational trench warfare and intercultural misunderstandings due to the restructuring. The Web 2. 0 celebrated its victories. User-created content became more and more important. Second life and its virtual reality became world famous. The programming language Ruby and in particular Ruby on Rails was being used more and more to develop websites. Programming interfaces played an ever larger role. Joomla 1. 0x looked and looks a little old and gray in this company. It had not exhausted its developmental options, but users looked longingly at systems like Plone, Typo3, Drupal, and lot of others that did not have the problems that come with sheer size and reorganization and that were able to constantly incorporate new technologies into their projects. For the past two years Joomla! ersion 1. 0x has not really been expanded any further, but security updates with minor code changes have been released. A two-year waiting time for a new version is not good advertising for the project. Joomla! has often been declared dead and was frequently ridiculed during this time and derisive articles on the lines of How to ruin an amazing software project! appeared in the trade. However, the project team has come through with Joomla! version 1. 5. Now that everything has been discussed fully in forums, mailing lists, emails, and personal meetings, Joomla! s future is now rosier than ever in my eyes. 12 ] Chapter 1 On one hand, upgrading from version 1. 0x to1. 5x is going to take some effort, since there is no full downward compatibility due to the changed source code. However, on the other hand, this definitely launches Joomla! into the league of business-capable content management systems. The clever strategy of creating building blocks with Joomla! (Joomla! framework), with which developers can be part of the new developments, is going to pay dividends. It is finally possible to choose various methods of authentication to create barrier-free websites in various languages, and to take part in the Web 2. mashups wave that is clearly spilling into enterprises. The road to developing components in environments such as Eclipse is now open. With its existing c ommunity, developer, and installation density, Joomla! will simply blanket many sectors of this market. Many hosting providers are already offering Joomla! pre-installed to their clients so that there will be no serious problems when upgrading from simpler websites. Structure of a Web Content Management System (WCMS) Using Joomla! as an example, I will briefly explain the structure of a WCMS. Front End and Back End A WCMS consists of a front end and a back end. The front end is the website that the visitors and the logged-on users see. The back end, on the other hand, contains the administration layer of the website for the administrators. Configuration, maintenance, cleaning, the generation of statistics, and new content creation are all done in the back end by authorized people. The back end is at a different URL than the website. Access Rights Whenever we talk of management, we talk of the clever administration of existing resources. In a WCMS, user names and group names are assigned to the people involved and each one of them is assigned different access rights. This ranges from a simple registered user through an author and editor up to the super-administrator, who has full control over the domain. Based on the rights, the website then displays different content; an option is available to edit content directly in the front end, or the user is given the right to work in the back end. [ 13 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Content Content can come in all kinds of forms; in the simplest case, it is text. However, content can also be a picture, a link, a piece of music, a snippet from an application like Google Maps or a combination of all of these. To keep an overview of the content, one embeds it in structures, for example, texts of different categories. The categories, of course, are also content that needs to be administered. Newsfeeds have become very popular, since Internet Explorer 7 now has the capability to read RSS feeds and more than 80% of computer users still use this browser. Newsfeeds give you the option of integrating information from other sources. Integration, categorization, rating, mashing, and updating of newsfeed content is becoming more and more important. Extensions Components, modules, templates, and plug-ins are all referred to as Extensions. They offer additional functions that are not contained in Joomla! s core. Components Joomla! has to be expandable and should be able to grow with the requirements. Extensions that offer additional functionalities and that usually have their own area in Joomla! s administration are called components. For example, typical components of recent years are an online shop, a picture gallery, and a newsletter or forum system. Today things like search engine optimization, user rights, multi-page forms, and variable content structures are becoming more and more important. Components contain the business logic of their site and display content in the main body of the website. Templates A template is a kind of visual editing pattern that is placed on the top of content. A template defines the colors, character fonts, font sizes, background images, spacing, and partitioning of the page, in other words, everything that has to do with the appearance of a page. A template is made up of at least one HTML file for the structure of the page and one CSS file for the design. It can also have a far more extensive structure in order to prepare Joomla! content for barrier freedom or for a completely different purpose. [ 14 ] Chapter 1 Plug-Ins A plug-in is a piece of programming code that is appended at certain places in the Joomla! framework to change its functionality. Such a plug-in can, for instance, be used inside content text to load the content of a module into the text. Plug-ins are also used in a comprehensive website search in order to integrate additional components. Sometimes plug-ins are used like a macro language in Joomla! Special modules pertaining to components are used to integrate content in the desired form into templates. The Recent News module, for example, delivers the headlines of the last five articles that were placed by the Content component to the template. Another module, for example, determines the number of users that are on-line at the moment and displays the result. Workflow By workflow one understands a sequence of operations. The bureaucratic set of three (mark, punch, and file) is an example of a workflow. A recipe for baking a cake is also a workflow. Since several people usually work with CMS content, well-organized workflows are a tremendous help. In the past, one also referred to work inventories that a certain user has. For example, the editor sees a list of non-published pieces of news, which he or she has to examine for correctness. After examining them, the editor marks the pieces of news as correct and they appear in the work inventory of the publisher. The publisher then decides whether to publish each piece on the front page. Configuration Settings Settings that apply to the entire website are specified using the configuration settings. This includes the title text in the browser window, keywords for search engines, switches that permit or forbid logging on to the site or that switch the entire page offline or online, and many other functions. API Today an Application Programming Interface (API) has to be provided to be with the times. It has to be possible (and it is) to access Joomla! from other programs and to invoke it remotely to some extent. This opens up entirely new applications that were previously not feasible with Joomla! An API is the most important link between third-party extension developers and the Joomla! ore. [ 15 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Is Joomla! a Piece of Real Estate? Joomla! is a kind of construction kit that, once installed on the server, enables you to create and maintain your website. Joomla! is like a house that you build on a property of your choice and that you can furnish gradually. Thus, to a certain extent, it is real estate. Stop! I was talking about mobility all the tim e and now Im asking you to build real estate? Have no fear, the real estate you build is physically at one place (your server), but is accessible from everywhere. To make a piece of real estate habitable, you need necessary services such as heating, electricity, and water supply. That is the reason your Joomla! is deposited at a server as as safe as possible, where hopefully, the electricity will never be cut. We are talking 24/7. Just like with your house, you also have a certain room layout in Joomla!. You have a room to show off (content), for cooking and conversing (forum), for working (administration area), and a completely private one, one that you show only to good friends (member area). Perhaps you also have a large room that integrates all these areas. It doesnt matter which room layout you decide on, you have to furnish your house, lay a beautiful floor, paper the walls, hang a few pictures on the walls (template), and of course, clean it regularly. This is because the numerous guests leave traces that are not always desirable. A visitor needs an address (domain) to find your house. As many people as possible should be aware of this address. Since there is no residents registration office on the Internet, you have to be the one that takes care of the topic, How can I be found? Perhaps you also have a garden that surrounds your house and that has different entry gates. There is an official entrance portal, a back door, and perhaps another small, weathered garden gate for good friends. And perhaps you dont like such types of houses and would rather use trailers, tents, mobile homes, hotels, or maybe you prefer community living and are glad to pay rent and dont want to think about all the details. If you apply the last few sentences to your website, then you already see how important it is to know what you want, who you are, and how you want to look to your community. One cannot not communicate! One can, however, be quickly misunderstood. So plan your virtual house on the Internet properly. Put thought into the texts, into possible interactive elements like a calendar or a forum, and of course, an area that only registered users are allowed to see. Think about prompts that guide and dont patronize users and take a look at how others do it. [ 16 ] Chapter 1 Talk with the people you want to address through your website. They will be honored to have been asked beforehand and they will perhaps give you tips that were not obvious from your point of view. This is an economical and very effective option to gather ideas and to avoid the worst of mistakes. Invest your heart and soul into things that are absolutely crucial for the success of your website. Joomla! Versions As with all software, there are different development steps with Joomla!. The Joomla! team published a roadmap on the 1st of September 2005 that started with Joomla! version 1. 0. The first Joomla! version consequently received the number 1. 0, so that there was no confusion with the existing Mambo versions. Version 1. 0 is a revised version of the last Mambo version 4. 5. 2. 3. The revisions relate to the new name, known errors, and security patches. Mambo, in the meantime, has released version 4. . 2 In the last two years, thirteen Joomla! 1. 0. x versions, which have improved and corrected a lot of small details in the code, have been released. If you have followed the development, you have probably noticed that Joomla! has become more and more reliable from version to version. Numbering System of Joomla! Versions Joomla! versions abide by the three-step system. St ep 1 = major release number: This is incremented whenever profound changes are made at the source-code level. The version with the higher number sometimes is not compatible with earlier versions. Step 2 = minor release number: This is incremented whenever significant changes to functionality are made. The higher version number is usually compatible (with minor customizing) with earlier versions. Step 3 = maintenance release number: This is incremented whenever errors are repaired and safety gaps are plugged. An increase of this number indicates only minor changes and very minor new features. These versions are fully compatibly with the versions of the same step 1 and 2 number. Full release: This is a change in the step 1 and 2 system. With these, alpha and beta test periods are given. The length of the test periods s not fixed and is at the discretion of the development team. Beta versions should be available for testing for at least three weeks in order to give component developers the time to customize their components. Maintenance release: This release can be used immediately. [ 17 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Version 1. 5. 0 represents the first full release a fter two years. There were alpha and beta versions and release candidates. Third-party developers are customizing their components for the new version. The community tests the software for any incompatibilities with the prior version. You can follow the reporting and fixing of bugs on Joomla! s website and if you find a bug, you can report it there. You will also find the list of requested improvements (http://joomlacode. org/gf/project/joomla/tracker/) there. The development process for Joomla! 1. 5 has largely been unnoticed since the fall of 2005. The concepts for version 1. 5 were already quite concrete at that time and in February 2006 the first alpha-version was released. Road Map This road map can, of course, change at any time, it does, however, represent a good framework for orientation. The following table shows the Joomla! oadmap (status as of November 2007). Version Mambo 4. 5. 2 Joomla 1. 0. x Date of Release 17. Feb. 2005 From Sep. 2005 Oct 2006 Comments Last stable version of Mambo Transfer of Mambo version 4. 5. 2. 3 Corrections of bugs and security patches Last stable version of Joomla! 1. 0. 13 Joomla 1. 5 Beta 1 Internationalization (total support for UTF-8) Administration interface capability f or every language User plug-ins Database: Support for MySQL- and MySQLi-database servers FTP system, to sidestep the PHP safe mode with providers Fundamental changes and overhaul of the structure, the framework, of Joomla! tself and with it preparation for the possibility to create barrier-free websites with Joomla! Separation of programming logic and layout Improvement to search engine friendliness (SEF) Reworked caching mechanism [ 18 ] Chapter 1 Version Joomla 1. 5 Beta 2 Date of Release May 2007 Comments Developer documentation (API, How-tos) API tuning Redeveloped caching Redeveloped support for search-engine friendly URLs Introduction of the MooTool Javascript Framework Barrier-free Beez template in the core Joomla 1. 5 RC1-4 July 2007 December 2007 User documnetation Corrections Security and performance improvements Testing on various platforms and in various browsers Joomla 1. 5 stable Future verions of Joomla January 2008 No dates given The stable version New user access control system Version control for content Multi-site installations (many Joomla sites in one Joomla installation) Update mechanism Virtual file system Support for more databases Changes In Detail As can be seen from the table, the 1. 5 version is the first true Joomla!. The Joomla! team spent the first year stabilizing the inheritance from Mambo under the Joomla! ame and charting their own direction. The changes in Joomla! 1. 5 clearly reveal future developments. Internationalization Every piece of static text can now be translated into language files. This is in particular relevant for the administration area, which up to now was only available in English. Support of scripts that are written from right to left (i. e. RTL, Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi, and Urdu) . Complete changeover to the UTF-8 character set for coding and displaying all characters in Unicode. [ 19 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations User Plug-Ins Mambots are now called plug-ins and user plug-ins, authentification plug-ins, xmlrpc plug-ins, and system plug-ins now join content, editor, and search plug-ins. Alternative login mechanisms from external programs, among others, can be used with the aid of these plug-ins. XML Remote Procedure Call Support XML Remote Procedure Call (XML-RPC) is a specification that allows software on different systems and in different environments to communicate. All the important programming languages are supported and there are libraries that change the code into XML-RPC (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/XML-RPC). Joomla! lso offers such an interface. With it, for instance, it is possible to post an image from Flickr or write an article with OpenOffice and to subsequently publish it in Joomla! This opens up fascinating options for developers; for example they can now access Joomla! from a Java program. Support of Several Databases Joomla! 1. 5 contains an abstraction layer that makes it possible to ru n Joomla! with various database versions. However, only one of these databases can be used for each particular Joomla! installation. At the moment MySQL 4. x, 5. x are supported. Additional databases will be supported in the future. FTP System An FTP layer has been added to avoid problems with file access rights. Therefore, installation of new components and other uploads can be handled via PHP upload and via FTP. The service providers restrictive (but reasonable) approach in terms of the PHP language had made the installation of extensions and the downloading of files in general, more difficult. Overhaul of the Joomla! Framework There has been no such thing as a framework in terms of a packaged kit for Joomla! functionality so far. It did, however, become crystal clear after the fork that the old Mambo source code had to be improved just about everywhere. It became necessary to rewrite and code Joomla! s functionality cleanly. A framework has to be flexible, scalable, separated from the output, and above all be comprehensible so that a third-party developer can write good components in a reasonable amount of time. A proprietary API (Application Programming Interface) is essential for that. [ 20 ] Chapter 1 Barrier Freedom Barrier freedom is an important topic and it has been a legal obligation in Germany for government websites to be barrier free since the first of January 2006. W3C has written standards for it. Joomla! 1. 5 already has a omplete barrier free template (Beez) and with it the option to comply with these standards. Barrier freedom is achieved by compliance with these standards (valid HTML/ XHTML) and by the complete separation of content (text, images, etc. ) from layout by the use of cascading style sheets (CSS). This statement applies 100% to the front end at the moment. The administration area is also scheduled to bec ome completely barrier free in later versions. Currently it can be used by at least a person without vision. Search Engine Friendliness Support for search-engine friendly URLs has been removed from the Joomla! ore and swapped into a plug-in. This makes it possible to add functionality with third-party components, which was very difficult before. Google Summer of Code Projects Since 2005 Google has been supporting talented students and their ideas in its Summer of Code Project (http://code. google. com/soc/2007/) with certain open-source projects to the tune of $ 4,500 each. Instead of taking whatever summer job is available to earn money, they can work on their hobby for the collective good and of course also to the benefit of Google. Every year the Summer of Code brings stunning amounts of PR, good ideas, and good programmers to Google. The opens of Joomla! Pages Joomla. org In order to get a feeling for what Joomla! pages look like and whether the Joomla! page even exists, have a look at a few: This is of course one of the largest Joomla! websites. [ 23 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Travel Shop, Ireland A tourist industry website with an interesting menu system from joomlart. com Frank Ludtke, Germany A successful combination of Joomla! and Coppermine photo-gallery. [ 24 ] Chapter 1 Hotel Schonruh, Austria A simple website of a hotel in the Ziller valley. Urth. tv, USA A social platform for citizens of the world! 25 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations unric. org, Europe The United Nations is also working with Joomla!. In this case thirteen languages have to be displayed on the website. [ 26 ] Chapter 1 porsche. com. br, Brazil Last but not least the Stuttgart SP Veiculos Ltd from Sao Paulo. This company has taken part in the entire history of development from Mambo to Joomla! and has now upgraded to Joomla! 1. 5. You can find a listing of Joomla! websites in the Site Showcase of the forum at: http://forum. joomla. org/index. php/board,58. 0. html Summary In this chapter we took a quick glance at the history of Joomla! and discussed the structure of WCMS. We familiarized ourselves with the Joomla! versions and features and saw a few Joomla! -powered pages. [ 27 ] Installation The installation of Joomla! is a matter of five minutes. If you have installed it before, you can do it in three minutes. You will have the opportunity to test this claim in Chapter 16. In order to be able to even start the installation, your development environment must include a web server that supports PHP and a database that is supported by Joomla!. The Joomla! files are copied into this system and are then installed with a web installer. This type of an environment is also called a Client-Server System. Client-Server System A Client-Server System is a network structure, in which an unlimited number of work stations (clients) can access services offered by a central server. The server is responsible for the delivery of the services. The client can communicate with the server and supplies the actual user interface. The client is an Internet browser. The servers, in our case, are called Apache and MySQL. Accessing a Joomla! Website on the Internet So you have a rough idea of what is going on behind the curtains, here is a simplified list of what has to happen in order for a computer to be able to access a Joomla! website: Establish an Internet connection via a provider. Call up the requested web address (URL) from the browser. The browser makes contact with the web server. The web server sends a query to the PHP-language interpreter that is installed on the server. The PHP language interpreter calls the Joomla! PHP files and interprets them. Installation The PHP interpreter requests the necessary data from the database. The PHP interpreter creates either HTML or XHTML code, depending on the web server used. The web server delivers the page or the generated code to the client browser. The browser detects pointers to CSS and other files (images, flash elements, etc. ) in the page just received and requests these from the web server separately. While loading all the necessary resources, the browser attempts to parse and render the page, in other words to take it apart and to display it. You can see from this course of events that the system consists of a lot of components that have no specific relation to Joomla! at all. Technical Requirements for Joomla! Joomla! requires the following: An installed and functioning web server, for instance Apache version 1. 13. 19 or later or Microsoft IIS. PHP scripting language version 4. 3 or later and support for MySQL and Zlib has to be compiled in PHP. Zlib is a library that enables PHP to read file packages that have been compressed with the ZIP procedure. The MySQL database system from version 3. 23. x on or with Unicode character sets MySQL from 4. 1. x on. Necessary Elements for a Joomla! System Installation You can: Set the system up locally on your PC Set the system up on a server in a companys Intranet Rent a virtual server from a provider Rent or purchase a server from a provider (with root access) [ 30 ] You need all the components mentioned above to install a Joomla! system for yourself. PC, browser, and Internet connection are usually available. There are a number of options for web server, PHP interpreter, and database. Chapter 2 You can also: Have the web server and database located on computers that are physically separated from each other You can also, of course, use different: Brands of web servers Versions of PHP interpreters Versions of MySQL databases And on top of that, you can install and operate all these components on various operating systems. This freedom in choice of resources sometimes confuses the layperson, therefore we will discuss a few typical scenarios. Local Test Environment In the scenario where you are at home or in your office and want to set up a Joomla! website, then you can use any of the following operating systems. Windows Operating System For a Windows operating system you can use either of two web servers: Windows XP Professional and Windows Vista Ultimate both come with a web server, the Internet Information Server. You still have to install PHP and a database, and then youre ready. You take a preconfigured package (XAMPP), unpack it on your computer, and everything you need is there. Linux Operating System Here it depends on the distribution version you have. All the distributions allow simple installation (with a click of the mouse) of the Apache, PHP, and MySQL packages. At times, depending on distribution, they may already be preinstalled. So you can use: The programs contained in the distribution. A preconfigured package (XAMPP); extract it on your computer and everything you need is there. [ 31 ] Installation Mac OS X Operating System In Mac OS X operating system, you have a default web server (Apache) in your system that you have to activate, but unfortunately not PHP. There is no official version of PHP for Mac OS X, but there is a PHP Apache module that you can install ( entropy. ch/software/macosx/php/). There are executable versions of MySQL for Mac OS X, which can be installed after the relevant download (http://dev. mysql. com/downloads/mysql/5. 0. html). So you can use: The installed Apache web server and install the missing software. The preconfigured XAMPP package for Mac OS X. Extract it on your computer and everything you need is there. Another complete package by the name of MAMP is also very popular with the Mac OS X environment ( mamp. info). Production Environment You have several options here as well. Rented Virtual Server You rent a web-space package with database, PHP support, and often also your domain name from a provider. In this case you have a functional environment and you can install your Joomla! into it. Consult your provider as to the version choices (PHP, MySQL). Sometimes providers offer Joomla! preinstalled with various templates. If this is so, all you have to do is activate Joomla! with a click of the mouse and it is ready for you. Your Own Server You rent a server from a provider and install the operating system of your choice. You are the administrator of the system and you can work on it, just like on your PC at home. Before you venture into the wilderness of the Internet, you should first practice on your local computer. This has the advantage that there are no connection fees, it is very fast, and you can practice at a leisurely pace. You may even have a small local network at home where you can install Joomla! on one computer and access it from another. [ 32 ] Chapter 2 Remember, that there are probably more current versions on the respective project sites on the Internet. If you install Joomla! in the wild, on a server on the Internet, you should always use the latest stable version. Never install a Beta version for a production site! Setting Up the Local Server Environment To install Joomla! locally you have to set up the appropriate server environment as described previously. Windows Windows is extremely user-friendly and immensely popular. Over 90 percent of all PCs work with Windows as their operating system. Windows XP and Windows Vista are the dominating versions. Unfortunately the Apache web server and the MySQL database, and PHP are not included with Windows. You could install each of these programs separately, or grab a preconfigured package (this is very practical and it will save your nerves). In Windows XP and Windows Vista, you log on to your system in administrator mode. If you dont know if you have administrator rights, check your account type: click Start | Control Panel | User Accounts and change your rights if necessary: [ 33 ] Installation XAMPP for Windows XAMPP is a project by Kai Oswald Seidler and Kay Vogelgesang. For several years now, these two have been cooking up a complete